The Future Security of Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Future Security of Britain - Essay Example This will benefit them in the European and global economy. However, their security will rest on the confidence they have in their relationship with the US. In return, the EU will continue to benefit from Britain's special, though politically expensive, relationship with the US. The politically risky situation in Iraq, NATO's continued commitment to Afghanistan, and the changing threat of global terrorism have made it imperative that Britain, the EU, and the US act in concert against acts of terrorist aggression and reduce the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. This will require retooling the armed forces and developing new sophisticated technologies. The US must be willing to commit the resources and take the lead, whilst Britain must be prepared to share the burden and play a pivotal role. The EU needs to continue to expand its existing security forces and be prepared to meet the changing threats of the 21st century. The European Union (EU) is defined as the current 15 member nations. Trade organisations are recognised by their common acronyms as well as State organisations. A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is any weapon capable of inflicting massive human casualties with or without sustaining property damage. These can include, but not limited to, nuclear, biological, environmental, and electronic means. Terrorism is the threat of indiscriminate fear and destruction against a civilian population or unengaged forces. The Scenario The British Empire has seen a decline in domination in the recent decades. Once the ruler of the seas, the colonial empire has diminished. With the changing landscape of British holdings has come a new era of trade and economics. The recently formed European Union has a Gross Domestic Product that rivals the United States. Free trade agreements have offered the opportunity for a stabilised economic future. The threats to Britain's security have undergone dramatic change. Britain finds itself in a position of requiring military security with minimal political risk. Britain's challenge is to engage the US in productive security arrangements without damaging regional political relationships. Iraq and the war on terror have placed a strain on these commitments. Britain has reached a crossroads where they must decide where it will place the future of its economics, politics, and military security. Discussion Economics Britain has for several decades promoted international trade through GATT, the WTO, and support for the Doha round of the WTO. When those talks have stalled, Britain has tended to side with the US against resistance by some of Britain's largest trading partners, most notably China and India. When Doha talks were suspended in July 2006, The US and the EU blamed each other for the collapse.1 However, Blair commented on his talks with Bush and insisted, "We both agreed we needed to make one final effort to re-energise the negotiation and I hope we can do so within the next few weeks".2 Britain has made a substantial commitment to the future and expansion of the European Union. On the subject of Enlargement, Blair has been very clear and states, "It would be a Europe confident enough to see enlargement not as a threat [...], but an extraordinary, historic opportunity to build a greater and more powerful

Happiness Essay Example for Free

Happiness Essay Nowadays, people talk a lot about happiness; they even write tens and hundreds of books dealing with this concept from a philosophical perspective in order to find its relationship with daily life. Unfortunately, there are always controversies about the nature and origin of happiness: is it health, love, money, job, or success? In fact, happiness cannot be reached as a treasure such as gold or silver because it is more expensive than all that brings you wealth. In other words, happiness can be considered as a diamond in the depths of sea that needs a gifted diver who looks at life from a realistic corner with plenty of hope and enthusiasm. Sometimes, we just forget that happiness is a sense of inner joy that could be easily reachable by programming our souls and regulating our moods in order to feel happy in every occasion no matter how small it is. In fact, it will be good if people try to acquire the habit of enjoying things throughout their lives by opening minds and taking every single minute to laugh and feel good. Happiness can be found by reading the beauty of the world through a rose blooming, a green carpet of grass, a child playing innocently, or even a bird singing. Our misunderstanding to ourselves as humans could be the most dangerous threat to our happiness. We will be happier if we look inside ourselves for innocence and spontaneity because it will be a good start to get back the beautiful smile that we used to have as children. If we look to happiness as a concept, it will be hard to reach; on the other hand, if we look at it as a set of little habits, it will be easily reachable. But this happiness will remain a concept if we do not separate it from pride and vanity. People all over the world are looking for the source of happiness or sadness, but they could not identify their roots accurately. Human beings tend to believe that happiness will knock on their doors when they achieve success, or sadness will cross their path when they encounter a failure. Unfortunately, life is not that easy. There are many people who feel sadness despite the achieved success and wealth, and there are also those who feel happy despite the failure they are going through. The real happiness is the nner one that remains with you no matter what failure you have experienced in the process of your life. Maybe money and success make your life easier and more comfortable, but the feeling of happiness is far from being got through the use of external things. The road to this attractive concept is mainly based on the inner ability of human to control and guide their souls throughout their good and bad experiences in life. The psychologist Ed Diener states when describing happiness: â€Å"Happiness is a combination of life satisfaction and having more positive emotions than negative emotions. (Diener, Chapter 1). When talk comes to happiness, people always associate it with getting what they think they want from life. In my point of view, happiness can be reached not because we get what we want, but because we concentrate our focus on what we get while forgetting about the rest of things we still need. At this point, happiness gives you the initial step to start your path to be happy, and it is your choice to pursue this feeling or just stop it on the road and kill your joy by negative thoughts. In fact, happiness depends on the human personality because of the simple reason that some people have tendency to look at the empty half of the glass without taking in consideration that the other half is full. At this stage, people have to take a moment to relax and remember that their glasses are half full, and they just should enjoy their happiness the longer they can. Thus, by changing our view of life we can feel happiness as long as we are alive, because life is not worth feelings such sadness and fear. To conclude, we may be happier when we realize that happiness is not a package that comes from the sky, but a moment when we should enjoy what we have and chase all what gives us feelings of fear or negative emotions. Because happiness comes from the inside, we should build a strong foundation on which we can count to achieve external goals. This way, we will be able to enjoy our present and build our future far from troubles that stop us to take risks and accept their results.

Reading Difficulties In Students With Dyslexia?

Reading Difficulties In Students With Dyslexia? INTRODUCATION Reading is a necessary skill for success in all societies, and the ability to read throughout various contexts effectively likely to improve self confidence and social progress as well as ones potential carrier. However, Reading difficulties is the problem that faces many students with dyslexia across different educational system. It seems clear that there are two main methods of conceiving LD in general and the natural reality concept of dyslexia. One main definition relates to psychological/medical model and the other is social model (Kevin, 1999). It is frequently pointed out that reading skill is complicated because it is based on two main processes which are coding, comprehension. They require learning all alphabetical characters and the outcome of knowledge as well as interaction with the readers own experiences and access to results through the text. According to H. Lee Swanson, Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham (2006) reading difficulties is deficit in learning processes which are include visual perception and perceptual Kinetic perceptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ etc. They established training programs for this processes which are prerequisite for learning to read, such as audio and visual perception. However, this trend has been criticized by researchers; because the theoretical philosophy was relatively weak and it was not grounded on scientific based evidence instead it was meant to see only virtual behavior. On the other hand, in the sixties and seventies of the last century has returned to focus on direct teaching and structured learning, which focus on Code-emphasis and Whole Language (Hoien, 2000). Unfortunately, it is clear that there is no known medical alternative to reduce the severity of cognitive processing delay in pupils with reading difficulties. Therefore, teachers are required to work instructional adjustments as a result, students with reading difficulties are to be successful in an suitable academic environment that help to reduce reading difficulties (such as eliminate any source of disturbance at mainstream classrooms and resource room). One of the most important instructional adjustments is use of basic procedures for appropriate intervention in early stage of educational ladder to avoid reading problems in students through use of various programs of intervention by specialized teachers and clinical psychologist. Another instructional adjustment which is methods of teaching students with dyslexia how do they read? (Kevin,1999). On the other hand, dyslexia friendly schools are an appropriate environment for children. They are to be provided with effective support and awareness of their additional requirements. The aim of this very brief essay is to discuss different definitions of dyslexia. Intervention to reduce reading difficulties in students with dyslexia will be discussed with a focus on stages of intervention in England; issues associated with intervention and also focus on Reading Recovery. Teaching Methods for students with reading difficulties will be examined in terms of Whole Language Instructions and Code- emphasis Instructions. Finally, Facilitating dyslexia friendly schools will be explored in brief. 1. Definition of Dyslexia It seems a controversial issue relatively in the beginning, because dyslexia has defined in many approaches, some of the definitions reflect the theories of causation, while the other definitions in an attempt to describe dyslexia. It seems clear that dyslexia involves more than one condition as it conveys a conceptual difficulty in reading skills for the child as well as a number of other reasons ((Rice, 2004). A hundred years have passed by since the first systematic definition of dyslexia as well as the diagnosis was established( Frith, 1999) and there is still considerable debate among professionals, professionals, psychologists and teachers about the conceptual issues of dyslexia, whoever in fact not far from agreement on their knowledge of concepts, skills development needs and capabilities, as well as diagnosis. Moreover, professionals and associations interested in special education differ in the definition of a large private educational terms, particularly in the case of attention deficit attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), attention deficit disorder(ADD) and dyslexia. In one community, has experienced difficulty in teaching reading as indicating poor reading skills that must be addressed by large-effective teaching methods. On the other hand, it is observed that another community the same way of reading difficulties in dyslexia, which contains an individual educational plan (IEP) that need to be highly efficient for the education of each individual case. Moreover, there are many of reliable definitions that have been adopted from a wide range of different instruction environments, such as definition of the British Association for Dyslexia (2001), which seems to be a descriptive definition , which indicate that dyslexia can be seen as : A combination of abilities and difficulties which affect the learning process in one or more of reading, spelling, and writing. Accompanying weakness may be identified in areas of speed of processing, short-term memory, sequencing, auditory and / or visual perception, spoken language and motor skills. It is particularly related to mastering and using written language, which may include alphabetic, numeric and musical notation ( Reid, 2002). It is agreed widely that reading skill is key for all people to complete the learning process successfully and appears to be agreement that the learning process needs to be a large number of simple skills, which requires the functions are ordered from different regions of the brain (both left and right from the Brocas area and Hamichaer ), moreover, the sequence of actions that may make it one of the most complex operations. It is clear that all teachers, practitioners and parents should have information about children with dyslexia and the most important problems they face, especially in reading to understand the definition of the educational process (British Dyslexia Association, 2003). On the other, the World Federation of Neurologists (1968) defined it as; Dyslexia is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction and socio-cultural opportunity. It is dependent upon fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin. (Mortimore, 2003, by Reid, 1994, p.2). If we pay enough attention to this definition it is clear that the greatest changes considerate on the late sixties that stress and characterized problems to complete reading process to be successful, and the new millennium, that is a interested far more than three different stages of description, the first, behavioural, which is the most important element for teachers and practitioners to work daily with children with dyslexia, particularly in the school, and second, cognitive which is more relate to teacher learning difficulties who is responsible for assessment of any kind of learning difficulties and then Preparation an individual education plan, third, the level of biological, which refers to dyslexia for kind of nervous-developmental in developmental deficit of biological origin(Frith, 2003). However, if we compare the definition of the British Dyslexia Association in the definition of (2001) of dyslexia with the equivalent, which presented by the World Federation of Neurology (1968), we will note other potential conflicts, according to the conceptual dimension to the definition of dyslexia. On the other hand, it is perfectly balanced in those who wish to present the strengths and weaknesses of children with dyslexia: dyslexia is a combination of difficulties, and capacity that may affect the learning process in one or more of the writing, reading and spelling. It might be possible, identify weaknesses in visual perception, processing speed of the short-term memory, sequencing, as well as audio, spoken language and motor skills. and that are relevant to mastering and using written language, which may contain the alphabet and identify the digital as well as musical. 2. Causes of Dyslexia According to ( Rice, 2004 ) there is still no consensus on the underlying causes of dyslexia. It is frequently point out that not all the difficulty in reading or writing means dyslexia. However, there are many scientists who believe that inheritance and hearing problems at an early age may cause dyslexia. This will be discussed in more details. 2.1 Inheritance May not be possible that dyslexia is not a strong characteristic that will be inherited, even if one or both parents have it. On the other hand, this may be possible. it clear that forty per cent of the people and explained that dyslexia has a history of learning difficulties in their family. According to Brain scanning of children with dyslexia by specialists in the field of medicine that bunches of cells beneath the surface in the front left side of the brain are responsible for reading problems (ibid.). This group of cells moving on the surface of brain cells while growing in the fetus, which does not occur with children with dyslexia. In addition, they have to be smaller mango cellular system, which is liable for recognition, for example, symbols and characters, which leads to difficult to read. They usually tend to use the right part for these skills, which are not designed for this job and that six times slower. It is clear that scientists consider these genetic variations and statistics that the inheritance is one of causes of dyslexia. 2.2 Hearing Problems at an Early Age It is frequently point out that the first five years of a childs life are important for the ability to read and write in accordance with natural languages. In the event that the child is suffering from colds or other continuously during the first years of his life, without medical intervention prior to the visit of the health center, may be exposed to ban prayer from time to time and thus may lead to hearing loss. This means that there is a break in the learning process of the child because of those problems in the hearing. If the child does not have the ability to hear words correctly, and thus lead to delays in the phonemic awareness of the child that leads to learning difficulties, such as dyslexia (Bradford, 2009). 3. Intervention for Dyslexia 3.1 Definition of intervention According to Wall (2003) definition of intervention as An intervention is an interaction between two people to bring about change and, therefore, early years practitioners undertake interventions each time they are working with children. Interventions may be short, medium or long term and will be planned carefully to ensure effectiveness and appropriateness. and He suggested idea which is what and how should practitioners draw up a plan or design different and useful intervention programs for each child as a case individually, by clarifying how it could encourage teachers or staff of these children collaborative work by each category of activity classroom, which can be caused by structured plan which made through specialists. It can be seen that intervention has become a significant key in resolving of psychological educational issues which is more effective to clarify access for these issues or problems and also it is useful in reaching positive results, especially for children with learning difficulties who are at risk for any particular type of learning difficulties. It is important to note that it should be look at if one parent has dyslexia, which is likely to move to one of their children as a result it is important there is focus on the family history, which may to be assisted to alert teachers and parents therefore, it may get appropriate intervention program for these children (Augur,1993 ). If we pay enough attention to Augur indicate that developmental dyslexia is justified for certain reasons, first reason, it may be very difficult to clarify kind of developmental dyslexia that a child is born through t according to the results of brain injury as a result of stroke or an accident, etc. Moreover, the second reason which is that many specialists agree that most of these children, who are smart in most courses with the exception of some basic academic skills that need to develop and therefore it is likely that the teachers are providing success and development of the natural growth of children with dyslexia, if they were with the fact that dyslexia may not be curable but it needs to useful intervention programs. 3.2 Stages of intervention in England According to DfES (2003) that stages of intervention used in schools in Britain, with almost identical stages in America, called (waves). Wave 1, which is refer to initial education for literacy in schools in that there must be effective integration of all children, high quality and a daily reading and writing hour with appropriate differentiation required. Whereas, if the children do not respond correctly to primary classroom of literacy guidance therefore, intervention will be necessary. In addition, Wave 2 shows a set of specific interventions which are additional a specific time, which refer to some children who are in need of support services to accelerate development and they can work at or above age-related t the highest of expectations . Wave 3 which is describes the governance for a small number of children and intervention is necessary to provide specifically for the processor speed of evolution or allow children to achieve their potential. It is Clearly that , this could i nclude the 01:01 or specific interventions, so when it comes to older children, which is usually refer to the approach set out specifically for children that have been identified as requiring special education support by working in the school environment. The best example, as noted by the researcher that Wave 3 intervention which is reading recovery. 3.3 Issues associated with intervention It is frequently point out that there is controversy about how to build effectively intervention programme. Researcher will present the most important factors agreed for potential success in the planning and production of the correct intervention program. First, it taking into accounts the assessment procedures and examination in psychology that can explain exactly what are the skills which need to develop in children. According to Fawcett and Lynch (2000) to examine dyslexia test (designed by Nicolson and Fawcett, 1996) will be the most successful for all the teachers to their schools. In addition, this test has become highly efficient because it is interested in semantic and verbal fluency as well as knowledge of numbers. Another reason which is how quickly the application of this test for example, it is take one minute to the task of writing and one minute in the skill of reading, moreover, spelling and other skills that could take two minutes. According to Pumfrey and Reason (2001) enhance the quantity and quality of cognitive development of children is significant factor to reach the appropriate intervention for them, it is important to take into account to confirmation that intervention at the earliest time that in order to that this procedure may not lead to a delay which is undesirable for children who have reading difficulties. In the same context, we may emphasize that the assessment procedures and examination need to be more focus by that stage, even before the application to avoid any future problems (Talcott,, 1997). However, the researcher as a teacher for special education as well as lecturer at the Department of Special Education recognizes that there are no tests in a uniform and there is a clear lack of evaluation of courses in schools in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that this is an opportunity for the researcher to obtain the correct method of assessing and screening for children who have difficulties reading in schools and the transfer of these measures and the right strategies for the development of the educational process in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Talcott (1997) indicate that there is another factor which is related to people who may play an active role of detection of children who have dyslexia. Therefore, there are some people around the children who have learning difficulties and they who provide full care to alleviate the difficulties that may be in these children as well as they are trying to find the appropriate methods in educational process such as, parents, professionals as well as specialists in health care. 3.4 Type of intervention for reading difficulties 3.4.1 Reading Recovery Reading Recovery has been designed by Marie Clay, who is a researcher in New Zealand (Reading Recovery Council , 2006). Mary did studies which allowed her to develop appropriate methods for the detection and intervention for reading difficulties for children. In addition, this program is studies based intervention that is applied in more than 10000 schools in New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. it was a developed to offer intervention for children who have reading difficulties ( Au, Mason1990). According to Au, Mason (1990) The main of reading recovery is to be able to offer intensive one-on-one support children who have reading difficulties in first grade and thus provide appropriate intervention to help them succeed before they improve their reading difficulties (Savage, John 1994). Moreover, it is aimed at less than twenty percent of school classes in first grade classroom. It is clear that it is not easy to make a decision about who children should be given to this program. children are taking a test and depending on the lowest scores for this test and then to hold this program for children got the lowest scores by trained teachers in the application of this program for children who have difficulties reading to reduce these difficulties and to read well (Kline, Anne 1997). It is frequently point out reading recovery is developed to be compatible with the regular school system. Each school needs to confirm that teachers should have the ability to download the program continuously during the year. It is clear that it has the ability to work in a variety of levels for instance it works with teachers, in school, children, and in the education system to provide assistance in reducing reading difficulties in children (Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ). Savage, John (1994) pointed out that Reading Recovery which is a program works differently for each child who is in need of this program. Selection of children for this program based on the report which is submitted by the teacher, and a survey about what child has knowledge of letters and concepts about print process, text reading . In addition, the program begins with what the child is to have the ability to do, then it builds on what they are trying to do and work what child need to learn about reading (Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ).According to Chapman, Turner ( 2003) the program is designed to work one-on-one instruction for thirty minutes a day for a period of twelve to twenty weeks through trained teachers. Moreover, it is designed to regular classroom reading guide. In addition, It is set out to assist based on childs strengths. The main concentration on one-on-one lessons is concentrate on comprehending the various messages in reading and students have the ability to build messages in writing skill (Reading Recovery National Network). According to Savage, John (1994) reading recovery includes that: -Reading Familiar Books: students tend to read books that they enjoy. Teachers, however, will observe how child read these books then they will assist the child while children are reading this book. -Assessment of reading strategies: the students will have a book that have never read it, in the previous lesson, the child will read that book for the teacher, then the teacher will use recorder while the child is read. Working on Letter recognition: student will be trained to look at the different letters, and begins to be familiar with them. -Introducing new books: teacher will choose a number of different books that are suitable for students reading level. Reading new books: The teacher will show a new book for the student, and then the student will be supposed to read it in the next lesson. In addition, the teacher and student will discuss the book and provide assistance to prepare for the understanding of the story in that book before read it. It is clear that Reading program was designed to meet the special the individual needs of reader who has difficulties in reading, which seems different from child to child. Working Individually with students, preparing lessons to respond to the individual needs of the child, will help to develop childrens reading (hapman, Iversen, Tunmer 2005). It is clear that the reading recovery has extensive one-on-one instruction. Not surprising to anyone that the intensity of the program and work individually with students which is influential to stage of intervention for those students who have reading difficulties. Recent research indicates that the method of one-on-one is more effective in teaching in regular classes that lead to achieving the individual needs for each student (Chapman, Tunmer 2003). Reading Recovery Council (2006) pointed out that many of the children are in different levels reading skill, establishment of lesson for all student is not always effective to that a student who does not understand what may be understood by other child and therefore teachers can create a lesson that will contain five elements: working with letters, reading books which are familiar to student, observe and record what is read by the student and reading new curriculum (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). it is possible to assist students achieve effective reading performance by the individual needs of them early. In addition, working individually with students to guide them educating reading strategies as well as to provide some time for the application so that they will be capable to achieve in grade level (Educational Commissions System of the States 2000). It seems clear that the strategy of one-on-one which allows teachers to provide students all comments, compliments and questions that the teacher knows a student who has the ability to answer those questions. In addition to, the reading recovery teachers have the ability to help the student and give feedback for the work he is doing (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). On the other hand, reading recovery will take 30 minutes for each student .It must take into account that there are some things that may be affect the students when they are in the classroom, for example: days of illness, field trips and workshops (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). Barnes, Bonnie (1996) indicate that time consuming is one of the problems related to educating Reading Recovery through the amount of paperwork which are side by side with the teaching of reading recovery to individual students. For example, a written analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the child, the report of the expectations of progress through the identification of long-term and short-term goals to child daily lesson programme. Another drawback of reading recovery is teachers. Many teachers do not usually have support from their colleagues in the school as well as they have difficulty in access to feedback on their lessons. Moreover, there are many teachers in the classroom do not have a sense of the impact of reading recovery program on the children because it is presented only one or two students in their classrooms (Noble, Jo Anne 1995). In addition, There are many teachers who are working only has the half-time reading recovery teacher. Therefore, they have the abilit y to service only about eight children each academic year. In addition, many schools have approximately a hundred and fifty first grade students, this is evidence that only about five or six percent of children have the ability to receive reading recovery programme (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). As has been mentioned before the goal of reading recovery is to guide children in learning techniques and assist to practice time , children have the ability to deliver on grade level (Frankas, George 2000).However, reading recovery is working , regardless of economic status, gender and social status of the group of children that led to the acceleration of the effective progress this programme (Educational Leadership 1990). Centre, Wheldall (1992) pointed out that to make reading recovery programme more effective must change three elements: Behavioural change in teachers. The child behaviour change acquired through teachers. There is a need for the school to change the regulatory requirements for administrators and teachers. It is clear that the results of reading recovery program is that it offers effective intervention for students in grade school and then treatment, instead of falling into the failure in reading difficulties for these children. In addition, it is providing strong support for teachers and enables them to become more effective in reading recovery programme. Moreover, the most important outcome of the program is to be has number of children in grades 2-6 to have a few problems in reading difficulties once and then the program is implemented effectively and correctly (Noble, Jo Anne 1995). 4. Method of teaching reading skills for children with dyslexia As has been mentioned before is that in fact the intervention to address reading difficulties in children with dyslexia is a successful strategy to provide support appropriate for them. But it is frequently point out that , it is to look for on the strengths and weaknesses of the learner and learning styles appropriate through the school by the teacher, which is suited to the needs of each individual. Because it is known to us that each and every child with dyslexia is different according to the file and function of cognitive and learning styles appropriate to him (Reid ,1997). 4.1 Whole Language Instruction According to the study carried out by Frank, 1978, it was having an impact in supporting the Whole Language Instruction, teaching reading is a natural counterpart to learn to speak the sense of learning to read instinctive. In addition, Whole Language Instruction may focuses on education to be of total to the part and not vice versa (e.g. learning the skills not included in the Whole language instruction), and learning to write must occur through fun activities functional meaning, and the focus on education priority, instead of keeping the roots. Moreover, it consenter on the learner who is the center of education rather than the curriculum and education should be based on individual interaction. It is clear that it may supports education in a social environment. Moreover, the teacher is the one who set the curriculum to be concepts are interrelated rather than dividing them up into multiple skills or subsets of content and evaluation focuses on the strengths of the learner. It seems that Whole Language Instruction is a tool to deal with the class and adjust and it may provides disadvantaged students to be able to overcome reading problems ( Pressely, 1994). However, according to Mather (1992 ) Whole Language Instruction team believe that retail could disrupt learning process, so they are opposed to direct teaching of encoding, because it split the language into separate clips and skills, which may lead to the language is not used, as well as a waste of time. The Whole Language Instruction may provide meaning to the texts and it is focusing on both reading and writing, as learn the rules of language may be done without the need to teach voice. It is clear that Educators and researchers stress fact that learning may be the best when there is enjoyable environment for learning and learner will be active participant in learning process as well as the teacher must take into account individual differences between children. These principles focus upon the way of Whole Language Instruction in learning to read, the child will read full text and then he begins to recognize words and letters with helping by teacher and the child will feel motivation when he is reading and that is the most important needs, which increases the capacity of the child with dyslexia to learn to read correctly (Fuhler,1993 ) Learner (2000) pointed out that there are basics of teaching reading difficulties by using method of Whole Language Instruction as following: Firstly : Reading is one of the elements of internal language which is very close to oral language and written language, so teachers who use this method confirm the language written and oral reading lead to the child will be improved, when he learn to read and there is a relationship between linguistic vulnerability in children and reading difficulties, children who have language problems or mobility are likely to develop problems in writing in the early stages. Secondly: The method of verbal language may be acquired by the natural use, according to the teachers who use Whole Language Instruction that children may learn to speak without the need for special training and this means that children will learn to read naturally through exposure to learn to read by focusing on language and books which related to fluency of language. Thirdly : Teachers who use the method of Whole Language Instruction avoid use of separate teaching which does not focus on the link between parts of the meaning of language, as well as the way of teaching that focuses on use of separate exercises, and they believe that books that divide natural language into small pieces and mysterious that could make teaching is difficult. In addition, Whole Language Instruction users think that learning of characters is normally by way of education , it is clear that learning of letters should not be separate, but it is normally acquired through reading. 4.2 Code- emphasis Instruction It is clear that we should understand the strategies of coding in Whole Language Instruction or comic reading (Orthographic) , which are one of the strategies that provide the opportunity to children to read the words by this method because they saw these words for many times . Therefore, they have image of the words in the long-term memory, the image of words are not required to be stored in the same format and font but it will be merely images. To use this strategy, the reader should has knowledge of the alphabet and how to process link this letters together. Moreover, there are many of readers who tend to use this strategy because they have the satisfaction for the words through use of a number of consecutive times as a result, they are willing to remember these words at any time. However , when they are exposed to new words so they tend to use method of Code- emphasis Instruction so they used the analysis of these words and read them (Hoien,2000). According to Learner ( 2000 ) children with dyslexia often need to direct learning and systematic training on reading because the direct training on the skills of voice reading is significant due to the primary task which is a specific part which is used later for reading comprehension. However, children who start to learn to read slowly, they will become readers are strong later. It is clear that Code- emphasis Instruction is effective in that the reader have a broad reading skills in school and In the external environment, he will be able to read any textbooks or other books. In addition , Intensive reading may provide the opportunity for the growth of concepts and verbal knowledge for how to write and read the text. Therefore, ch

Illusion in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay -- essays p

Illusion in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald Before writing The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald must have done thoughtful and extensive research. This is apparent because, to explore the novel's main theme, 'The American Dream', he chose to place it in the 1920s. This was, indeed, a perfect time slot because the 20s were notorious for the numerous ways in which they influenced the public. These years served as a defining point for many aspects of everyday life such as wealth, social status, and general 'success'. The American population during this time became obsessed with the term 'success' and exactly what it meant to be 'successful'. That was the common goal for just about everyone who lived during this time. Life was all about the 'American Dream'. Everyone wanted 'it all', and often times would go to great lengths to have it. Jay Gatsby, one of the main character in Fitzgerald's novel, was not unlike the rest of the people who lived during this time. Tragically, his own, personal obsession with wanting to have e verything eventually became his downfall. This was Fitzgerald's intention in writing this novel: to warn his readers that the 'American dream' can turn tragic if reality becomes too obscured by the overwhelming lust for money and material possessions. Jay Gatsby was born James Gatz; a man who was very ashamed of his heritage. He was a poor man whose family did not posses a name in society. His parents were "shiftless and unsuccessful farm people (pg. 104)". Gatsby's pathetic family situation was somewhat tolerable for him, for a little while. It was not until he met a girl named Daisy that he realized he was less than content with what little he possessed. Gatsby was very much in love with ... ...ove with more than one person. He reluctantly let her go back to Tom while he pondered over the waste he had made out of his life. He spent five years earning so much money and climbing all the way to the top that he forgot to secure the prize to be won. Gatsby died before he got to really achieve the happiness that he craved. His fate simply would not allow a poor man like him to go on living a lie. Gatsby's illusion became his ultimate downfall. Being rich, reputable, and on the arm of his true love had finally become a reality, until he realized it was not really HIM. He could not go on living a fantasy forever. It took Jay Gatsby a whole life of hardship to figure out that illusion and desire would always remain in his mind, and happiness was not money and pleasing others, it meant pleasing yourself through goodness: something he probably knew all along.

Baldrige Award Recipient

One of the 1995 Manufacturing Award Recipients of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award was Corning Incorporated. The April 8th 2008 issue of Forbes. com published an article titled, â€Å"Out of the Gate: Corning Inches Up† which is the article that I am reviewing for this assignment. Some of the main points of the article included that Corning shares were going up suggesting that the strong demand for their liquid crystal display glass panels contributed to this rise.It was mentioned that the Corning stock was upgraded from â€Å"neutral† to â€Å"outperform. † The New York based company is noted to be the world’s largest maker of LCD glass used in flat-screen televisions and computers. Since television sales are healthiest in U. S, China, Japan, Europe and Russia, these countries are said to be contributing the most to that growth. The article noted while broader stock markets are on the decline, Corning is continuing to rise. I found this article interesting for various reasons.While many people may see a successful company as one that makes a profit on a regular basis, the qualities of this company which may get ignored or are unknown to some, created the opportunities within that continues to challenge its employees to perform their best and the end result is a successful company, not the other way around. Corning encourages creativity in its employees and thus creating its own success by the quality of the company’s foundation and principles.Due to some of the reasons a company receives attention and awards such as the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, is that the company’s practices awards those within that in turn strengthen the company. For example, this company awards and encourages employees with creativity and future vision, thus currently they are in the lead in the area of liquid crystal display glass panels. Corning didn’t hop on the bandwagon mid-stream, they were entrepreneurs in th is area.When members of their team suggested this would be something worth developing years ago, those members were listened to and it has paid off and is continuing to pay off for Corning. While many in the public may see Corning as making profits at a time when few are, it was actually a more committed decision of conducting research into this long before others and then having time to refine their products when others just begin to recognize the value of this product.The author just stated the facts in this article of Corning’s stocks, so therefore was very objective in all of his/her (author’s name not given) points. The article was uninfluenced by any emotion by the author. However, knowing more about this company than this article, to me the end product shows that whether or not one sees it as such, valuing, motivating and encouraging one’s employees can be time worthwhile in the end for a company.Any awards a company gets are always partly due to its empl oyees, so the more a company can communicate and demonstrate this to their employees, the more motivated employees seem to be to add to the success of their company (ies). Reference Out of the Gate: Corning Inches Up. (2008, April 08). Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www. forbes. com/feeds/ap/2008/04/08/ap4866495. html

Information for Soap Notes Essay

Associate Level Material Case Study Information for SOAP Notes Read the following three patient visits. Rewrite the information using correct medical terminology. The visits below are written in layman’s terms and do not use the correct medical terminology. Re-write the information in medical terms for the charts. You must determine where the information is to be placed in the SOAP note. Patient One – Chapter Six 22-year-old African American female 140/60 BP 99 F Pulse is 38 Breathing is 22 per minute Patient states she is not on any medicine at the time Patient states her reason for the visit is she is having severe back pain for 5 days now Past has been told she has sickle cell anemia Physician tells patient they are going to draw blood and give her IV with fluids. Physician states the IV will contain something for the pain Blood work showed white blood cells 4300, hemoglobin 13. 1 g/dL, hematocrit 39. 9%, platelets 162,000, segs 65. 9, lymphs 27, monos 3. 4 Physician observes patient is alert Physician finds that head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat are okay Physician determines the patient is having a sickle cell crisis Physician finds that the patient has numbness in hands and feet Patient states she just has not been feeling well lately She reports â€Å"I do not test my levels daily with that machine it hurts so I just base my levels on how well I feel† Physician observes that the patient has some discoloration of her skin Physician sees that the head, eyes, ears, nose and throat are okay Physician hears that the heart sounds good, nothing sounds off Physician wants patient to come to the office in 1 month Physician tells patient to start using the machine to test her blood and record the results and bring with her to next visit

Psychological Perspective

Psychological Perspective Introduction Autism is a devastating developmental disorder that can be diagnosed in any child regardless of social class, race, cultural or ethnic background. Its effects on personal development and relationship can be massive and may lead to stress among caretakers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Perspective-movie review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, personal life development is a complex interlink of personality, cognitive and sociological development that are molded by voluntary and involuntary environmental factors as this paper analyses from the movie The Black Baloon. An individual’s development is a reflection of aspirations, successes and failures that a person and the community appreciate. This paper evaluates the character of Maggie and the aspects of stress, preeclampsia, having an autistic child and her life stage using the cognitive, personality and sociological models . Finally, the paper concludes by highlighting the importance of cognitive factors and emphasizes on mental health as well as moderating factors that anchor the ability of an individual to regain strong conscious of life even when under stress. Brief background of the movie The 2008 film The Black Balloon was directed by Elisa Down (Down Jack 2008). It clearly depicts challenges faced by families living with autistic children. The main question that the film raises is whether parents and other members of a family have the ability to cope with such challenges and come out victoriou in the end by being unified with love in spite of the kind of the adversity they face. As the title suggests, Charlie is like a black balloon whose opaqueness hinders one from seeing inner contents.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, the presence of an autistic child in the family strains M aggie emotionally as depicted in the film bearing in mind that he has to devote all her attention to him. The Black Balloon theme has been used to explore this sensitive issue and reveals how each of the family members has his/her own strategy to deal with the challenges caused by autism. The generalization of literature on the issue Although Erickson’s theory has been largely employed in the study as the main supporting framework, it has other varying elements of related theories such as the Freuds theory of personality development. Indeed, as Altiere and Von Kluge (2009. p. 142) point out, Ericksons work was greatly influenced by the works of Sigmund Freud. This is evident especially in the first three stages of development whereby the symptoms and traits assimilated by an individual have great similarities in both theories. According to Sigmund’s theory, personality is considered to be like an iceberg since it exists below the human capacity to address the resultant problems. In other words, personality is an integral element when assessing growth and development of an individual. Most of the personality processes are below the conscious awareness of any human being to control. This is the same way an iceberg exists in an ordinary condition. However, Erickson strongly differs with Sigmund who observes that personality development only takes place during the first five years of an infant. In contrast, the development of any individual is continuous and lasts throughout his lifetime as depicted by the Ericksons eight stages of development (Baker, Seltzer Greenberg 2011, p. 601).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychological Perspective-movie review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The aforementioned stages are known to mould the full character trait of a person during the entire phase of growth and development. If the latter theory is anything to goby, then it implies that huma n personality is one of the mot complex aspects to alter in a human being. Psychosocial developmental aspects using Erickson’s stages of development According to Barkway (2009, p. 43), Erickson’s eight stages of development denote a holistic socialization process through which an individual undergoes in order to effectively fit in the society. Unlike Sigmund Freud who believed that the development only takes place for a short period of time up to the age of five years, Erickson believed that development is a continuous process that occurs in an individual’s lifetime. Erickson pointed out that all stages of human existence are unique and present an individual with particularistic challenges that determine their overall ability to address them (Greenberg, Seltzer Hong 2001, p.229). Notably, the Erickson’s eight stages of life development depict eight crises which are demonstrated by the traumas visible in many individuals with stress, preeclampsia as well as those going though a similar case to that of Maggie. Louds et al (2007, p. 401) argue that the entire psychosocial crisis must be dealt with effectively at every stage in order to develop the correct system of addressing the needs of later stages. Orsmond, Krauss and Seltzer (2004, p.245) also believe that when the crises are not totally or effectively resolved, they directly culminate into the symptoms of stress and other disorders at different life stages.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Seltzer et al (2001, p. 267), all the eight stages are anchored on the close interaction of three main facets of life development which usually occur in different stages. To begin with, the somatic system is an important component that tends to control biological system whereby various processes constantly take place thereby exerting variant pressures to an individual. At different stages, human body development presents variant developmental demands to effectively assume the required growth in an individual. In addition, the ego which forms the central reasoning and thinking demand of an individual is a major determinant of how an individual approaches the different problems that face them. Indeed, as Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABC, 2009) explains that the ego forms one of the most important aspects of human development in the sense that it is possible to evaluate the costs and benefits of the different actions taken to ensure that only the best solutions are con sidered. Finally, the societal facet views such an individual as part of the extended community which requires every person to live and operate within a given framework that is acceptable by all. Though this has been cited to be much flexible especially in the modern communities where the boundaries have been extended especially for the social institutions; the administrative authorities that ruthlessly deal with the extreme cases of misbehavior posses major challenges to human beings at different stages. Maggie’s case in terms of personal development Middle adulthood stage (generativity versus stagnation) The seventh stage which occurs between the ages of 40 to 65 years provides an individual with the ability to have an extended view and therefore offer care to others as Erickson indicated in his developmental theory. Successful completion of the earlier stages culminates into the adults demanding the children as they equally need them mostly on the basis of leaving a decent legacy. Adults seek new identities whereby thoughts of death are overshadowed by their efforts to generate greater levels of goodwill in society (Seltzer et al 2004, p. 245). However, if this crisis is not addressed, people will mostly be self centered and therefore experience a strong sense of stagnation. Maggie’s stage of development in the move is at the middle adulthood. It is important to highlight that the idea behind producing The Black Balloon movie was to contextualize the impact of autistic children towards family health. Shattuck (2007, p. 1735) perspectives concurs with the feelings brought out in the movie that the burdensome demands of taking care of an autistic child cause considerable stress to a family. Since the prognosis of the same is poor, it might cause a lifetime effect such as stress. The movie brings out the character Maggie as a married woman in her forties and who has the burden of raising two sons. At this time, she is also pregnant with her third baby. She is also depicted as a hardworking lady whose energy and time is devoted to the rearing of children and management of her household. However, the fact that she has to care for an autistic child besides juggling with the difficulties of her career and other famly members exerts a lot of pressure and stress on her. According Erikson’s theory of human development, Maggie appears to be in her middle adulthood stage best explained by generativity versus stagnation. Smith and O’Relly (2008, p. 100) are quite categorical that members in this phase devote their energy to caring for children and making a career thus contributing to the development of the next generation. The interpretation of Maggie’s personal development phase can be observed as generative in the sense that she strives to raise her children and manage her household. Besides, the fact that Maggie is a housewife has an effect of stagnation. The consequence of this is that it impacts on certain a spects of her self-realization. It is imperative to highlight that the role of taking care of an autistic child is cumbersome. White, Keonig and Scahill (2007, p. 1858) relate it to ‘full-time employment’. Maggie appears to be in some form of forced full time employment. From the film, it is also evident that Maggie’s freedom is limited since she is the only one who seems to get it right with Charlie. This situation compels her to ignore her health risk and the pregnancy condition that requires her to take complete rest because any minute she leaves Charlie with Thomas or Simon chaos always arise. While this is new because even with normal children mothers are always under mental and physical stress while taking care of their children and they always put their needs after those of family members (Cohen, Brown Smailes 2001, p. 981), it appears to be an issue of concern that drives her to committee meetings even when she suffers from the symptoms of preeclampsia. Various researches have indicated that lack of self efficiency skills in an autistic child can attract debilitating impact on the family bond and social relationships. As noted in the movie, the realization that Charlie may not be able to perform certain functions or even marry is some of the failures which can impact negatively on the psychological health of the parents and siblings. Most mothers as in the case of Maggie have been found to suffer from stressful symptoms (Down Jack 2008). Similarly, they might develop love and care towards the disordered individual owing to the fact that most of the attention is directed towards this child (Glantz 2009, p. 1365). For instance, in the initial stages Thomas is unable to understand why Maggie is always very attentive to Charlie’s needs or why he is never punished for wrong doing like when he smashes the birthday cake on the wall. Thomas’ resentment reaches at a point of no return when Charlie ruins the birthday party in presence of his girlfriend whereby he revenges by breaking Charlie’s video game. Charlie’s case and its impacts Elementary and middle school years (Industry versus inferiority) This stage lasts between the ages of 6-12 years when the child gets to school and therefore is exposed to the wider community apart from the ordinary and familiar caregivers and parents. Therefore, by being exposed to new environment that consist of more friends and different people, the child has a chance of learning and gaining more skills while being transformed to a world of peers. Charlie’s condition is a major setback to his effective completion of the stage. Failure to effectively complete stage one to three aggravates strong sense of inferiority complex which may be very hard to address at the later stages. According to Ayoub (2006, p. 679), a disorder is one of the major factors that keeps individuals from fully being industrious. Consequent guidance should be provided to enhance better decision making at this stage. Maggie is keen to take this line of action. Adolescent stage (identity versus role confusion) According to Erickson’s theory of development, identity crisis is the single most significant aspect that individuals must face in course of their life development. At this stage, the healthy resolution of the previous stages conflicts to generate the necessary sense of trust, competence, control, and independence which must all be incorporated. Success in the earlier stages therefore brings out a strong sense of identity and therefore readiness to plan for the future. However, prior failure will lead to further confusion where the adolescent will be faced with difficulties in making the correct decisions and choices (Sparks 2000, p. 307). In particular, they are faced with vocation problems and sexual orientation. Like in stage four, the adolescent easily becomes a subject of bad peer pressure that lead them conflicts with the community, the au thority, and eventual cumulative stresses (Jara et al 2010, p. 270). On the same note, as autistic children enter adolescent stage, new challenges arise as parents are in a dilemma on whether to send their children to mainstream or special schools (Ginette Debra 2008, p. 55). According to Capps (2009, p. 507), unlike the normal children who learn how to be self reliant, autistic children do not achieve this milestone due to cognitive underdevelopment, hence; they continue to place both physical and emotional demands on their parents. Confusion presented by Autistic patients has been known to have great similarities with identity crisis posted in various stages of the Ericksons eight stages of development. In stage five of Ericssons eight stages of personality development as Raijmakers et al (2005, p. 711) explains, confusion is evident with the individuals lacking a sense of inner consideration of agency. It is clear that indeed, this sense of identity loss is directly correlated t o poor earlier stages crisis resolution. Identity is the ability of any individual to be able to address the correct industrial developmental avenue, generate the necessary intimacy, and fit within the holistic society configuration where its demands are effectively met without conflicting interest. However, lack of the necessary cohesion and relationship with the others and environment puts an individual in a state of hegemony with their demands thereby displacing them into a state of confusion (Poston 2006, p. 1145). In some instances as Kashanian et al (2011, p. 412) point out, there arises a sense of negative identity where an individual tries to generate or fit his traits within the groups that accept him/her. However, the negative identities make the individual to be looked down upon by the community as they directly negate its culture. To add to that, identity confusion has also been indicated by lack of consistency in values posted by an individual, values that are un-harmon ic with the societal demands, and lack of the necessary societal ideals. Coping strategies Resilience theory explains how families with special emphasis on parents can adequately cope with children who have been diagnosed with disorder issues and cases that cause stress.. Dekker and Sibai (2001, p. 209) indicate that developing coping strategies is crucial in determining whether an individual will recover from stress-producing situation without disintegration. This concept in very interesting because it sheds light on why some families are able to cope well with stress than others. The film under analysis portray this concept very clearly since despite the chronic and consist stress that Charlie brings, Maggie is able to cope with the situation through flexibility. Research has shown that the behavior of autistic children is always unpredictable; therefore, family members must exercise flexibility to be able to deal with uncertain behavior. Besides, Maggie has also adopted a constru ctive approach to resilience. The theory states that an individual is capable of remaining healthy if he/she can positively cope with the environmental aspects that instigate stress by remaining optimistic amidst stress causing factors. Furthermore, family resilience theory seeks to identity the elements that promote high level of resilience and this elements are treated as ideal of which other families can emulate incase they are faced with a similar situation. Implications for healthcare practice Addressing psychological disorders in society is one of the most critical aspects that contribute to the holistic well being of the people. Notably, the current rising levels of psychological disorders have culminated into intensification of research for the best methods of addressing them. Some of the methods of handling the problem include behavioral and cognitive therapies Behavioral and cognitive therapies share vast considerations in common. Though behavioral therapy does not focus m ore on the internal consideration of an individual, it appreciates that an individual’s psychological behavior is vastly influenced by his internal state. This is similar to the cognitive therapy which is based on the view that it is the internal state of an individual that dictates their behavior and therefore should be manipulated to address psychological disorders. Beside, the concept of environmental influence is employed in both therapies. While it is the main basis for behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy employs it to identify those suffering psychological disorders or trace their progress after treatment. According to Roberts and Cooper (2001, p. 53), both behavioral and cognitive therapies are different through the mode they approach problems related to psychological disorders. In cognitive therapy, an individual is helped to overcome psychological disorders through identification and establishing change to the thinking, emotional response, and even behavioral patte rns. Notably, cognitive therapy seeks to address psychological disorder from internal consideration of an individual. For instance, clients may be assisted to deal with their beliefs or even their negative ways of thinking through their cooperation with the therapist. The debate on which method between behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy is better has remained a real challenge to resolve for a considerably long period of time now. Nejatizadeh et al (2008, p. 451) indicate that depending on thoroughness and the type of psychological disorder being considered, both methodologies have effectively been employed. As a result, a combination of the two methods have been established and indeed been found to operate in a superior mode compared to either cognitive therapy or behavioral therapy when employed singly. As Nejatizadeh et al indicate, cognitive-behavioral therapy is id being preferred by psychotherapists in addressing conditions such as stress, depression, identity disorders a nd even schizophrenia among others. Conclusion To sum it up, it is worth to mention that personal growth and development from childhood is a complex process that demands close monitoring especially in cases where physical or mental infirmities are noted. This paper concludes by indicating that addressing psychological disorders in society is very critical if people are to remain harmonious, stress-free and highly productive. Notably, both cognitive and behavioral therapies have been practiced with great levels of efficacy as part and parcel of reducing stress. However, their combination appears even better in term of addressing psychological disorders. References Altiere, M Von Kluge, S 2009, ‘Searching for acceptance: Challenges encountered while raising a child with autism’. Journal of Intellectual Developmental Disability, Vol. 34 no. 2, pp. 142-152. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABC), 2009, Autism in Australia. Web. Ayoub CC et al. 2006, Cognitive and emotional differences in young maltreated children: A translational application of dynamic skill theory, Development and psychopathology, vol. 18 no. 3, pp. 679-706. Baker J, Seltzer M Greenberg S 2011, ‘Longitudinal effects of adaptability on behavior problems and maternal depression in families of adolescents with autism’, Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 25 no. 4, pp. 601-609. Barkway, P 2009, ‘Psychology for Health Professionals’, Sydney: Elsevier Australia. Capps, D 2009, Norman Vincent Peale, Smiley Blanton and the Hidden Energies of the Mind, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 48 no. 4, pp. 507-527. Cohen P, Brown J Smailes E 2001, Child abuse and neglect and the development of mental disorders in the general population, Development and psychopathology, vol. 13 no. 4, pp. 981-99. Dekker, G Sibai, B 2001, Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of pre-eclampsia, The Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9251, pp. 209-215. Down, E. Jack, J. 2008. The Black Balloon. Web. Ginette, GF Debra, AE 2008, Development of an educational/support group for pregnant women in prison, Journal of Forensic Nursing, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 55-60. Glantz MD, et al. 2009, Mental disorders as risk factors for later substance dependence: estimates of optimal prevention and treatment benefits, Psychological medicine, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. 1365-1377. Greenberg S, Seltzer M Hong J 2001, ‘Bidirectional effects of expressed emotion and behavior problems and symptoms in adolescents and adults with autism’, American journal on mental retardation, vol. 111, no 4, pp. 229-249. Jara DL et al. 2010, Pre-operative quality of life and psychological factors that influence patient decision making in LASIK, Eye, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 270-5. Kashanian M et al. R 2011, Risk Factors for Pre-Eclampsia: A Study in Tehran, Iran, Archives of Iranian Medicine, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 412-415. Louds J et al. 2007 ‘Transition and change in adolescents and young adults with autism; longitudinal effects on maternal well-being’, American journal on mental retardation, vol. 112, no. 6, pp. 401-417. Nejatizadeh A, et al. 2008, The genetic aspects of pre-eclampsia: achievements and limitations, Biochemical genetics, vol. 46, no. 7-8, pp. 451-479. Orsmond, G, Krauss, M Seltzer, M, 2004 ‘Peer relationships and social and recreational activities among adolescents and adults with autism’ Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 245-256. Poston L et al. 2006, Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomised placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet, vol. 367, no. 9517, pp. 1145-1154. Raijmakers MTM et al. 2005, Amino Thiols, Detoxification and Oxidative Stress in Pre-Eclampsia and Other Disorders of Pregnancy, Current pharmaceutical design, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 711-734. Roberts, JM Cooper, DW 2001, Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia, The Lancet, vol. 357, no. 9249, pp. 53-56. Sel tzer M, Krauss W, Orsmond I Vestal K 2001,’Families of adolescents and adults with autism: Uncharted Territory’ International review of research in mental retardation, vol.23, pp. 267-293. Seltzer, M, Krauss, W, Orsmond, I Vestal, C 2004, ‘Peer relationships and social and recreational activities among adolescents and adults with autism’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(3), 245-256. Shattuck, P 2007, ‘Change in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, vol. 37, pp.1735–1747. Smith, S O’Relly, R 2008, ‘Australian autism handbook: the essential resource guide to autism spectrum disorder. Jane Curry Publishing, Edgecliff: N.S.W. Sparks, JA 2000, The deconstruction of magic: Rereading, rethinking Erickson, Family process, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 307-311. White, W, Keonig, K Scahill, L 2007, ‘Social skills development in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review of the intervention research’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 37, no. 20, pp. 1858-1868.

Free Essays on Soc

Social movements When George Wallace took office of as the governor of Alabama, he declared â€Å"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever†, transformed our society with social movement. Social movement is a conscious effort to bring about or prevent changes. (470) Social movement are more structured than other forms of collective behavior, although they might not be centrally matched. The civil rights movement has within it numerous organizations, recognized leaders, and sets of roles and statuses. A group of people can stand together and protest for a couple of hours, but a movement can last for years. Most social movements try to make changes, but they get unfair changes. In chapter 15 social movement is classified into four types. The first one is Revolutionary movement, is for total major change in society. Revolutionary movements typically resorts to violence or some other illegal action. The second one is Reform movements, look for only a incomplete change in society. They support the existing social system as a whole, but they try most to improve the system by taking away its blemishes, most through legal issues. The third type is Resistance movements, which look to preserve an existing system by refuse to go along with social change. For example the Ku Klux Klan try to racial integration. The four type is Expressive movement, wants to change the individual, not the society. Most are religious, aimed at converting individuals to particular faith. (448) The causes of social movement are that there are so many thing for people to do in the world like work, shop, hunt, etc.. According to Eric Hoofer’s frustration theory people that participate in social movements are troubled and use social movement for a scapegoat to hid away from their own problems. That many lead us to the answer to the question in chapter 15 asking (Why would people instead spend their time promoting a social movement?)... Free Essays on Soc Free Essays on Soc Social movements When George Wallace took office of as the governor of Alabama, he declared â€Å"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever†, transformed our society with social movement. Social movement is a conscious effort to bring about or prevent changes. (470) Social movement are more structured than other forms of collective behavior, although they might not be centrally matched. The civil rights movement has within it numerous organizations, recognized leaders, and sets of roles and statuses. A group of people can stand together and protest for a couple of hours, but a movement can last for years. Most social movements try to make changes, but they get unfair changes. In chapter 15 social movement is classified into four types. The first one is Revolutionary movement, is for total major change in society. Revolutionary movements typically resorts to violence or some other illegal action. The second one is Reform movements, look for only a incomplete change in society. They support the existing social system as a whole, but they try most to improve the system by taking away its blemishes, most through legal issues. The third type is Resistance movements, which look to preserve an existing system by refuse to go along with social change. For example the Ku Klux Klan try to racial integration. The four type is Expressive movement, wants to change the individual, not the society. Most are religious, aimed at converting individuals to particular faith. (448) The causes of social movement are that there are so many thing for people to do in the world like work, shop, hunt, etc.. According to Eric Hoofer’s frustration theory people that participate in social movements are troubled and use social movement for a scapegoat to hid away from their own problems. That many lead us to the answer to the question in chapter 15 asking (Why would people instead spend their time promoting a social movement?)...

Business Process Reengineering Essay Example for Free (#3)

Business Process Reengineering Essay Business process (20) , Business process reengineering (7) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Whenever we order our drinks at the coffee shops on a daily basis, we are actually triggering a business process. When the waiter at the coffee shop takes the order at our table, he will pass our orders to the kitchen by yelling our orders from one end of the coffee shop to another. Most of the time, the kitchen helper will hear the order and start to prepare. The waiter will then go around taking a few other orders. After he is done with taking orders, he will collect the drinks from the kitchen and serve it to the customers. Customers will then pay up for the drinks. In the event there isn’t enough change for big notes, the waiter will have to go back to the counter to break the notes into smaller variations in order to return the correct amount of change to the customers. In some cases, he might deliver the wrong order as he doesn’t note down the orders in pen and paper, he just passes on the order to the kitchen by shouting. Restaurant scenario Many years down the road, the coffee shop has earned enough to pay for a renovation and overhaul. The boss of the coffee shop has decided to upgrade the coffee shop to a restaurant. He realises that he need to retrain his staff to operate the restaurant as the methods of operating a restaurant differs from the methods of operating the coffee shop. He also realise that he can incorporate some equipment to help him process orders more efficiently. In summary, he needs to change the way the restaurant does things (processes) and how he does things (Method/tools used to carry out the task). The boss has to do a total revamp of the methods and processes of how he was previously used to in the coffee shop. This is what is meant by business process reengineering. In definition, business process is an organizational change in its methods used to redesign an organization to improve efficiency and effectiveness (Mehta, 2011). Reengineering is the organizational change characterized by drastic process transformation. Concepts BPR focus & Objectives In order for companies to operate more efficiently, reduce waste, retain their customers and drive sales, understanding and applying BPR is essential for this change to happen. Firstly, we have to map out the organization’s goals, objectives, primary business function, the people they have and the tools they use. The second objective would be to analyse the current process and redesign/revamp them. By doing so, companies will be able to achieve better ROI and eliminate waste. This will help the company to gain competitive advantage over others in its efficiency and also profits (Muharram, 2007). Perspective of BPR BPR is a framework designed for companies to adopt. This framework helps to optimize processes by making it more streamlined. A good example to explain this point would be the difference between a vertical and cross functional organization. In a horizontal organization, the customer interacts only with one party but in a vertical structure, customers might have to deal with different departments. Figure 3 shows a customer dealing with his account manager for the application of a loan. In the process, the customer does not need to deal with the different departments involved in the application of a loan. This allows the loan application to be more streamlined (Zigiaris, 2000). A vertical structure is not as efficient as customers will have to deal with several departments to process their requests. In a call centre environment, when the customer logs a call for a IT issue, the calling department will answer his call and log the case. He will then be transferred to the technical department who will assist him with 1st level troubleshooting. In the event he cannot solve the problem, the matter will be escalated to a level 2 support and also a product specialist. After his issue has been resolved, he will be transferred to the payment department where he will pay for the IT services he has used. After making payment, he will receive an email from the feedback department where they will ask the customer for feedback for the case. This slows down the entire process of resolving the problem from end to end. One of the main goal in BPR is to optimize the processes that takes place within the organization and reduce lead time. In order to do so, businesses has to look at its processes from a clean state perspective. For a company to be able to streamline their processes, they have to add value to their customers through their processes. Processes should maintain its ability to add value to customers. For those processes that do not, we can automate them and put the focus on adding value. This will result in higher customer satisfaction, better efficiency, elimination of watse and greater ROI(Park, 2008). BPR Methodologies There are several techniques to business process redesign and reengineering. We will discuss a few in this section. Hammer and Champy A major overhaul in the organization’s process and structure is one of the keys to ensuring that cost is lowered and service quality is being improved. The means of implemeting these is via the use of information technology. Besides reorganization and using IT to power the business, redesigning the work process and optimizing it, helps the organization to reduce time taken, lower costs and improve quality (Rouse, 2009). A Case study of Ford Motor Company Ford used to employ 500 accounts payable staff in the past. These 500 staff are running the tasks of tracking faults between purchase orders, receipts and invoices. After Ford decided to reengineer their process, the number of staff needed reduced from 500 to 125. Their reengineering efforts include: * Creating an online database where all purchase orders issued by the buyers are being captured * Goods are being checked when received. The shipment being sent has to match with that in the database. This allows the staff to check if the goods were actual orders being indented. This system of checking eliminates the need to check for faults between purchase orders. * Goods being received will be marked as received and the database is being updated real-time. (Hammer & Champy, 2000) Perspective of process reengineering by Hammer and Champy 1. Organize around outcomes, not tasks. 2. Identify all the processes in an organization and prioritize them in order of redesign urgency. 3. Integrate information processing work into the real work that produces the information. 4. Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they were centralized. 5. Link parallel activities in the workflow instead of just integrating their results. 6. Put the decision point where the work is performed, and build control into the process. 7. Capture information once and at the source. (Rouse, 2009) The methodology preached by Hammer and Champy clearly reflects what was being discussed in the BPR focus and objectives at the start of this report. Its focus is to eliminate waste and also to focus on deliverables that will add value to customers. In order to do so, IT systems can be employed in order to automate processes which do not add value. This point of automation is being reiterated in the case study of Ford Motors. This concept of rethinking and redesigning the business process radically helps us to improve many areas of the business such as lowering costs, improving customer service, ensure quality is being maintained and speed up the entire workflow. Business Process Reengineering. (2016, Dec 15). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

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Human Resource Management High School - Case Study Example In addition, his character references have shown positive feedback with his work ethic and study habits. With this kind of academic background, it is blatantly obvious that the part of the benefits package which would most likely appeal to Peters is the company's apparent conduciveness to higher learning. The case states that Beco Electric encourages advanced education, fully subsidizing all expenses for tuition and books. And to top it all off, the company would even allow its employees to attend classes during the day, depending on the circumstance. A harmonious, mutually beneficial working relationship would even result in scholarships for all dependents of the employee. Judging from his description, these are the facets of the benefits program which Mr. Peters would find most attractive. Of course, having the standard health insurance and profit sharing plans never hurt, but if one is very serious with his continuing studies, this reflects a personality which would not give much credence to financial compensation. Mr. Peters is an academic achiever and has shown significant leadership potential, hence the company's flexible continuing education schemes should bode well for him . Other benefits which may favor Mr.

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